The use of a word or phrase in a sense opposite to its normal meaning, typically for ironic or humorous effect — such as calling a large person 'Tiny'.

From the Greek anti (against) and phrasis (expression) — speech that runs against its literal meaning.

A sustained form of antiphrasis used over a longer passage is known as irony, while a single-word substitution is sometimes called a specific subtype.

Distinguished from sarcasm, which requires hostile intent — antiphrasis can be affectionate or neutral, as when calling a friend by a nickname that inverts their qualities.

The Roman rhetorician Quintilian described antiphrasis as the most dangerous figure of speech, arguing it trained speakers to deceive without technically lying.